Sample Botanicals for Infectious Diseases

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1	BOTANICAL NAMES 1. Pharmacopoeia name 2. Common name(s) 3. Family name 4. Part (s) used where appropriate	TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINAL BOTANICALS (TCM) 1. Pin Yin Nomenclature 2. Properties 3. Organs and channels affected	WESTERN MEDICINAL BOTANICALS 1. Tastes 2. Energetics examples 3. Tissue states used for	USES BY WESTERN HERBALISTS	USES BY AMERICAN FIRST NATIONS TRIBES	ADDITIONAL GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES	QUALITIES AND FUNCTIONS	BIOCHEMICAL NOTATIONS	RELATED INFORMATION
2	1. Achillea milllefolium 2. Yarrow "little feather" 3. Aster family 4. Whole plant used when in flower.	1. Ya Luo 2. Bitter, Astringent, Pungent 3. Spleen, Lung, Kidney	1. Bitter, Pungent, Acrid 2. Diffusive, Astringent, Aromatic 3. Excitation, Depression, Relaxation	Specific information found in Europe: France. Germany, Italy, as well as Russia, the U. S., and with most Traditional Western Herbalists. Once referred to as the "Englishman's quinine."	Used by tribal cultures throughout the Northern Hemisphere.	Native to Europe and Asia. A similar plant is native to North America. -(Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa, and is only differentiated under a microscope. It is used interchangeably.)	▪ Antiinflammatory ▪ Antispasmodic ▪ Diaphoretic ▪ Haemostatic ▪ Antiscorbutic ▪ Antipyretic ▪ Antirheumatic ▪ Antispasmodic ▪ Chloeretic as a bitter ▪ As a cold tea it is a diuretic. ▪ Urinary antiseptic ▪ Hypotensive ▪ Carminative ▪ A peripheral vasodialator to open up surface of vessels enabling more blood to be circulated. ▪ Digestive tonic ▪ A gentle relaxant like chamomile ▪ Used for influenza, the common cold and fevers, measles, chicken pox and feverish children's complaints. ▪ Used for bleeding of mucous surfaces such as nosebleed. ▪ Has been used in formulation for high blood pressure with thrombosis. ▪ Used for biliary colic, diarrhea, and dysentery. ▪ It is an emmenogogue and is also used for obstructed menstruation or non specific vaginal discharge to cleanse as a tea. ▪ Used for toning varicose veins and to prevent blood clots in formulation. ▪ Used for bleeding of mucous surfaces such as nosebleed. ▪ Has been used in formulation for high blood pressure with thrombosis. ▪ A vulnerary, used to stop wound bleeding and fresh herb used as a styptic poultice and is an analgesic. ▪ A tea is used for internal bleeding. ▪ An expectorant, and it has sweat-inducing qualities for relief from colds and flu symptoms. ▪ Herbal tea made from the dried flowering plant used for colds, fevers, anorexia, indigestion, and gastric inflammations. ▪ Diaphoretic for fevers and chills by it's ability to move blood to or from the surface and the flavenoids it contains help to soothe the capillaries so that blood passes more quickly. ▪ Cooling and fluid generating and warming from that movement. ▪ Used for Heat and/ or Stagnant blood congestion in the digestive tract, portal vein, liver, and abdominal viscera as well as uterine congestion with excess or lack of bleeding. ▪ As a bitter, it also increases secretion in the digestive tract and decongests. ▪ It has been used for respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonias, inflammation and pain in the chest, and bleeding from the lungs with night sweats. ▪ Used for palliative care for bleeding and night sweats of tuberculosis. ▪ Used as a cold infusion with appropriate symptoms and conditions. ▪ It has been used as a external warm compress for Liver inflammation. ▪ Yarrow bath has been used to lessen pain and inflammation (a handful of dried or fresh flowers or leaves in 1 pint of boiling water infused and strained to add to bath water).	▪ Contains more than 100 biologically active compounds, including more than a dozen anti-inflammatory compounds. ▪ Experimentally, extracts are hemostatic and anti-inflammatory. ▪ Leaves and flowers contain flavonoids, vitamin C, bitters, tannins, alkaloids, sterols, phenolic acids, (including salicylates, coumarins, sesquiterpene and lactones such as achellein) ▪ Volatile oils, (including the toxic thujone, irritating borneol, stimulating camphor, antiseptic pinenes and many other constituents).	▪ Large or frequent doses taken over a long period may be potentially harmful. ▪ Contains thujone, a toxic compound. ▪ Contraindicated in passive, dark, coagulated flow of bleeding. ▪ Some may have allergies to yarrow. Can cause dermatitis. ▪ Not to be taken in large doses during pregnancy. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
3	1. Agastache rugosus herba 2. Wrinkled giant hyssop aromatic bean leaf 3. Gardenia Family 4. Aerial portions	1. Huo Xiang 2. Acrid, Slightly Warm, Aromatic 3. Spleen, Stomach, Lung	Agastache rugosus herba is different from the Hyssop officinalis used in traditional Western Herbalism.	Used mostly in the East, but has been used in the West by importing it.	Miwok and Paiute used Agastache Urticifolia.	Widely used throughout Asia, especially China, Japan, Vietnam, and South Korea.	▪ Aromatic ▪ Disolves Damp. ▪ Antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic effect against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginose, E. coli, Bacillus dysenteriae, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and some dermatophytes. ▪ Increases the secretion of gastric acid and promotes digestion. ▪ Dispels Damp. ▪ Releases the Exterior and relieves Summer-Damp. ▪ Aromatic and acrid and strongly drying. ▪ Harmonizes the Middle Jiao, and is therefore used for abdominal and epigastric fullness, pain, and distention, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and greasy tongue coat. ▪ Used most often in formulation. ▪ Dispels Summer-Damp from the exterior especially when accompanied by Wind-Cold (with fever, chills, headache, feelings of chest oppression, abdominal fullness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue). ▪ Summer-Heat and Dampness with fever, heavy sensation in the extremities, a feeling of oppression in the chest, abdominal fullness, dysuria, and constipation; especially used in formulations. ▪ Relieves nausea and vomiting by harmonizing the Stomach. ▪ Treats fungal infections topically especially of the hands and feet--usually in formulation.	▪ Essential oils: Patchoulialcohol Cinnamic aldehyde Benzaldehyde Eugenol Patchoulipyridine Epiguapyridine B -elemene Caryophyllene Alloromadendrene Y -patchoulene A -guaiene,y-guaiene A -patchoulene	Used only for the known indications listed. Most efficaciously used in a balancing formula.
4	1. Andrographis paniculatae herba 2. Green chiretta herb: "penetrate or thread the heart lotus" 3. Acanthaceae Family 4. Aerial portions	1. Chuan Xin Lian 2. Bitter Cold 3. Lung, Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine	1. Bitter 2. Clears dampness with heat 3. Detoxifies	Widely used by traditional western herbalists throughout North America and Europe.	None noted	Used in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Russia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, and Indonesia.	▪ Clears Heat and eliminates toxins. ▪ Antipyretic ▪ Immunostimulant ▪ Reduces fever. ▪ Used for respiratory tract infections and sinusitus. Detoxifier antivenom Relieves pain. Reduces swelling. Promotes phagocytosis. Antibacterial Anti viral ▪ Used for dysentery with Damp-Heat, and Heat dysuria in formulation. ▪ Breaks down tumors, prevents metastasis, protects liver. ▪ Used topically for eczema, skin sores, carbuncles, and snake bite in formulation. ▪ Hepatoprotective and cholagogic ▪ Antineoplastic ▪ Inhibits growth of Staphylococcus aureua. ▪ Antbiotic and used for pneumonia. ▪ Andrographis is used for urinary tract infections, boils, and internal ulceration. ▪ Used for enteritis, shigella, colitis, and osteomyelitis. ▪ Induced autophagy ▪ Mitochondrial mediated apoptosis ▪ Key phrases in PubMedCentral research articles for Andrographis: “Adjuvant value in metastatic esophageal cancer; Mitochondrial mediated apoptosis; Induced autophagy in human oral cancer cells; Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of; Anticancer Phytochemicals of; Immunological Active Components of; Biosynthesis of Anticancer Phytochemicals; Elicits Anti-invasion Activities; Therapeutic Potential for Treating Lung Adenocarcinoma. Isolates used in cancer research.” ▪ Andrographis promotes phagocytosis. ▪ Clears Heat and eliminates Toxins, reduces fever, used for respiratory tract infections and sinusitis, detoxifier, antiinflammatory, relieves pain, reduces swelling, promotes phagocytosis, antibacterial, anti viral. ▪ Used for dysentery with Damp-Heat, and Heat dysuria in formulation (antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, anti-venom). ▪ Breaks down tumors, prevents metastasis, protects liver. ▪ Used topically for eczema, also used topically for skin sores and carbuncles or snake bite in formulation. ▪ Hepatoprotective and cholagogic. ▪ Antineoplastic. ▪ Inhibits growth of Staphylococcus aureua, Antibiotic. ▪ Andrographis is used for urinary tract infections, boils and internal ulceration. ▪ Also for enteritis, shigella, colitis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia. ▪ Key phrases in PubMedCentral research articles for Andrographis: “Adjuvant value in metastatic esophageal cancer; Mitochondrial mediated apoptosis; Induced autophagy in human oral cancer cells; Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of;Anticancer Phytochemicals of; Immunological Active Components of; Biosynthesis of Anticancer Phytochemicals; Elicits Anti-invasion Activities; Therapeutic Potential for Treating Lung Adenocarcinoma. Isolates used in cancer research.” ▪ Pain and swelling ▪ Damp-Heat dysentery	▪ Andrographalide ▪ Deoxyandrographolide ▪ Eoandrographalide ▪ B-sitosterol ▪ Other flavonoid compounds	▪ Cold and bitter, so it's important to protect Stomach Qi with an appropriate balancing formulation. ▪ Potential abortifacient, so not used during pregnancy. ▪ When it is save to use, it is most efficaciously successful in a balancing formula.
5	1. Asclepias tuberosa 2. Pleurisy-root; Butterflyweed 3. Milkweed Family (asclepiadaceae) 4. Root	Not included in the usual English language TCM references.	1. Bitter and somewhat acrid. 2. Mildly relaxant and fluid-generating moistening diaphoretic. 3. Decongesting of internal fluids.	Examples include East Central United States. 19th century herbalists used as a relaxing diaphoretic to decongest.	Examples include: Natchez, Cherokee, and the Western Indians boil the tubers for food, prepare a crude sugar from the flowers and eat the young seed-pods after boiling them with buffalo meat. Some of the Canadian tribes use the young shoots as a pot-herb, like asparagus.	Used in the West historically and is currently used. The genus contains about 80 species mostly natives of North America and a few in South America and Africa.	▪ The large tuberous root has been widely used as a tea or tincture for lung inflammations (pleurisy), asthma, and bronchitis. ▪ Anodyne ▪ Laxative ▪ Diuretic ▪ Expectorant. ▪ Root poultice used for bruised, swellings, rheumatim and lameness. ▪ Used in formulation by American Eclectic physicians after WW I influenza outbreak. ▪ Febrifuge ▪ Antispasmodic ▪ Amphoteric ▪ Expectorant ▪ Diaphoretic ▪ Carminitive ▪ Stimulates function of mucous and serous surfaces. ▪ Stimulant to the autonomic system. Equalizes the circulation by opening up surface capillaries and promoting free blood flow. ▪ Used for painful respiration, especially at the base of the lung. ▪ Pericarditis. ▪ Pneumonia, pneumonitis, bronchitis, dry cough, irritation of the larynx, hoarseness. Influenza, common cold, catarrh. Used to slow down a rapid pulse. ▪ Peritonitis. ▪ Used by Natchez Indians for pneumonia by boiling the roots and drinking a cup at a time and to help break a fever. ▪ Antispasmodic ▪ Diaphoretic ▪ Expectorant ▪ Tonic ▪ Carminative ▪ Mildly cathartic ▪ Acts on the lungs ▪ Subdues inflammation ▪ Used for pleurisy, mitigating the pain and relieving the difficulty of breathing, and is also recommended in pulmonary catarrh. (doses listed of from 20 grains to a drachm in a powder or in the form of a decoction.) ▪ Used for diarrhea, dysentery and acute and chronic rheumatism. ▪ As a warm infusion, a teacup with 2-3 ozs. every hour will promote free perspiration and suppressed expectoration. ▪ According to M.Grieve, more than a dozen other species have similar properties.	▪ Flavonoids ▪ Amino acids ▪ The root contains a glucosidal principle, Asclepiadin, and several resins, as well as an odorous fatty matter, and a trace of volatile oil. It yields not more than 9 per cent of ash.	▪ Potentially toxic in large doses. In large doses it acts as an emetic and purgative. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
6	1. Asparagi cochinensis tuber 2. Ornamental asparagus root; "lush winter aerial plant" 3. Liliaceae family 4. Root is a winter-dug tuber. Good quality is translucent yellow-white. The species used in Japan and China is not the same as the species grown in North and South America, Australia, and Europe, but it is reported that both varieties of the plant have the same medicinal uses.	1. Tian Men Dong 2. Sweet, Bitter, very Cold 3. Lung, Kidney	1. Salty 2. Nourishing, moisturizing 3. Dry and heat	Used by Western herbalists, the United States, Europe; mostly of note in Germany.	Examples of use by Cherokee and Iroquois. Used externally and internally for rheumatism and "blood medicine" as compound decotion with bark.	Use includes India, Japan, Australia, South America.	▪ Used for hot dry sore throat. ▪ The primary use in Japanese Kampo medicine is to nourish the Kidneys. ▪ It is used as a gentle diuretic appropriate for diabetics. ▪ Asian India reports asparagine (in shoots is a good diuretic in dropsy and gout. ▪ Japanese report green asparagus aids protein conversion into amino acids. ▪ It has been suggested as a good treatment for gout as it contains ten or more anti-inflammatory minerals or compounds. ▪ Roots are considered diuretic and laxative. ▪ Asparagi supports cancer antibodies. ▪ Moistens the intestines and treats constipation caused by Dryness and Heat accumulation. ▪ Supports fecal microflora. ▪ In Germany the root is approved as a diuretic for irrigation therapy for urinary tract infections, to prevent kidney stones, and as a kidney support flush for inflammation. ▪ Asparagus Cochinensis tuber nourishes Yin Fluids, and expectorates Phlegm and Dampness. ▪ This herb is Yin Tonifying. ▪ Clears Lung Heat and sedates Fire. ▪ Moistens Dryness. ▪ Used for Wind-Heat dryness. ▪ Used for dry cough from mild to chronic Lung Heat. ▪ Used for chronic respiratory tuberculosis and cancer. ▪ Also used for chronic febrile disorders that injure the Yin, "Steaming Bone" sensations, night sweats, and used in formulation for numerous wasting and thirsting syndrome situations. ▪ Used for Yin Deficiency, and Blood Deficiency with Heat and it is used in formulation. ▪ Treats sore throat due to Deficient Fire or Lung Heat in formulation. ▪ Antiobiotic and Antineoplastic. ▪ Inhibits sarcoma 180 and leukemic cells in mice. ▪ Supports and prolongs cancer antibodies in humans. ▪ In one clinical study, 42 patients with lobular hypertrophy of the mammary glands were treated with an overall 83% rate of effectiveness using oral, intramuscular, or intravenous injection of Tian Men Dong. In another study, 72 patients with mammary cancer showed marked improvement using the same treatment protocols. ▪ Tian Men Dong combined with Bai Hua She She Cao (herba Oldenlandia), have been used together to treat fibrocystic breast disorders, and cancers of the breast and lymphatic system. ▪ Used as antiparasitic. (Bartram) ▪ According to Wen, it can be used in a cancer treatment diet and is effective for late-stage lung cancer, lymphomas and leukemia. ▪ Used for reducing adverse side affects caused by radiation or chemotherapy. ▪ Has been found to control the development of benign and malignant breast tumors. ▪ Used for fibrocyctic breasts. ▪ Supports cancer antibodies.	▪ Fructo-oligosaccharides ▪ Essential oils Asparagine Arginine Tyrosine ▪ Flavenoids (kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin, resin and tannin).	▪ Not to be used when there is Cold or Damp diarrhea, nor with Deficiency in the Middle Jiao. ▪ May cause contact dermatitis in very rare cases. ▪ Best used in a balancing formulation for most efficacious and safe results.
7	1. Asteris tartaricus radix 2. Tatarian aster root; aster tataricus; "purple-soft roots" 3. Aster Family 4. Root	1. Zi Wan 2. Bitter, Sweet, Slightly Warm 3. Lung	1. Bitter 2. Moving, dissolving 3. Phlegm	Used by Western herbalists in North America.	Uses are from other types of aster for various issues.	Used in China, S.E. Asia, and Japan.	▪ It has a wide range of clinical applications. ▪ For example: used in formulation for influenza. ▪ Used to alleviate cough with Zhi Suo San. ▪ Citrus and Aster formula is used to alleviate cough, transform phlegm, course the exterior and diffuse Lung Qi. ▪ Dissolves Phlegm and stops cough due to Wind-Cold, Wind-Heat or Lung Deficiency caused by numerous factors, including Exterior invasion, Interior imbalance, and Excess or Deficient conditions. ▪ It has a wide range of clinical applications. ▪ Pharmacological effects: Respiratory expectorant Antibiotic for: E-coli Bacillus dysenteriae Bacillus proteus Salmonella typhi Bacillus paratyphosus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vibrio cholerae and some dermatophytes and influenza viruses.	▪ Astersaponin ▪ Shionone ▪ Quercetin ▪ Friedelin ▪ Epifriedelinol ▪ Shionoside A, B ▪ Astersaponins A, B, C, D, E, F ▪ Phytosterol glucosides ▪ Lachnophyllol ▪ Lachnophyllol acetate ▪ Anethole ▪ Butyl-D-ribuloside ▪ Cyclopeptide	▪ Zi Wan is not suitable for cough due to Excess Heat of Yin-Deficient Fire as a single herb remedy. ▪ This herb works best in a balancing formula for the most efficacious and safe results.
8	1. Cinnamoni ramulus 2. Cinnamon twigs; cassia twigs 3. Lauraceae Family 4. Twigs	1. Gui Zhi 2. Acrid, Sweet, Warm 3. Heart, Lung, Bladder	1. Sweet, Pungent 2. Warm, stimulating, astringent 3. Depression, atrophy, relaxation	Used by Western herbalists, sometimes with focus on the cassia twigs instead of the cortex. There is some overlap of function.	None noted	Known globally	▪ Releases the Exterior through Diaphoreses (Exterior-Excess, Wind-Cold condition with or without perspiration). ▪ Warms and opens the Channels and Collaterals. ▪ Used for Bi Zheng, a painful-obstruction syndrome that travels to superficial layers of the body. ▪ Warms the muscles, and opens the Channels and Collaterals to relieve pain and is used as a guiding herb to treat pain in formulation. ▪ Warms Yang to eliminate Water of Phlegm Stagnation (edema and dysuria). ▪ Warms Yang in the Chest - Xiong Bi - (painful obstruction of the chest). ▪ Used to warm and eliminate Cold or Phlegm stagnation. ▪ Warms Yang in the Chong (thoroughfare and Ren Conception channels) to restore normal menstruation. ▪ Used in formulation in Wu Han COVID-19 during "influenza phase of Wind-Cold invades Exterior." ▪ Diaphoretic ▪ Releases the Exterior, warms and opens the Channels. ▪ Warms Yang to eliminate water and Stagnant Phlegm. ▪ Warms Chest Yang and Chong and Ren. ▪ It has been used for frostbite, numbness, hypotension, and arthritis. ▪ Antibacterial ▪ Antiviral ▪ Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, some dermatophytes, and influenza viruses. ▪ Diuretic ▪ Diaphoretic and antipyretic ▪ Analgesic ▪ Dilates blood vessels. ▪ Cardiotonic ▪ Sedative and hypnotic ▪ Antitussive	▪ Essential oil: Cinnemeldehyde Benzyl benzoate Cinnamyl acetate Calamenene B - cadinene Terpinon-4-ol Trans-cinnamic acid Coumarin Protocatechuic acid	▪ Gui Zhi stimulates blood circulation and it should be used with caution in patients with high risk of bleeding, or pregnant or hypermenorrheaic women. ▪ It is acrid and warm and could damage Yin if used inappropriately. ▪ Contraindicated in patients with febrile disorders, Yang Excess related to Yin Deficiency, Heat in the Blood, or other Heat-dominant disorders. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
9	1. Citri pericarpium reticulatae 2. Citrus peel, orange peel; tangerine peel 3. Citri reticulatae 4. Aged peel (dehydrated)	1. Chen Pi 2. Warm, spicy, bitter 3. Lung, Spleen	1. Bitter, spicy 2. Warming, regulating, and moving 3. Dampness	Traditional Western Herbalists use the citrus peel to modify movement in formulations.	Historically, citrus was not introduced in the West until much later with the onset of global travels.	Historically: South Asia, East Asia, S.E. Asia, Melanesia, Australia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Middle East, Mediterranean, and along trade routes to Taiwan and Japan.	▪ Used in formulation for influenza. ▪ Regulates Qi and adjusts the Middle Jiao. ▪ For Qi stagnation of the Spleen and Stomach	Essential oil: Limonene Linalol Perpineol Hesperidin Carotene Cryptosanthin Vitamins B-1 and C)	▪ Used for symptoms of extreme dryness or if spitting blood. ▪ Mostly used in balancing formulation.
10	1. Coptidis Chinensis rhizome 2. "Yellow connection" 3. Ranunculaceae family 4. Rhizome	1. Huang Lian 2. Cold, bitter 3. Heart, Liver, Stomach, Large Intestine	1. Bitter 2. Cold 3. Infected Damp-Heat	Similar plant (such as goldthread) used by traditional Western herbalists.	Similar plant and uses: coptis trifolia (three leaf goldthread) Iroquois, Malecite, Menominee, Micmac, Mohegan, Algonquin, Quebec, Tete-de-Boule.	Asia ▪ Coptis Chinensis is a major agricultural crop in China and is available in bulk. ▪ The wild species in the United States are at risk and should not be harvested commercially. ▪ Has been used as part of TCM for millennia. ▪ Also used in Ayurvedic formulas.	▪ Generally used for: GI tract problems Dysentery Cholera Enteritis Typhoid Respiratory tract infections UTIs Gynecological inflammations Ear/nose/throat infections Jaundice Fever Blood problems Eye inflammation Insomnia Abscesses Skin problems ▪ Antibacterial: broad spectrum against: Bacillus dysenteriae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Salmonella typhi E. coli Vibrio cholerae Bacillus proteus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Diplococcus meningitidis Staphylccus aureus Beta-hemolytic streptococcus Diploccus pneumoniae Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bordetella pertussis Bacillus anthracis Leptospira ▪ A berberine-rich anti-carcinogenic and immunostimulant. ▪ It is anti-inflammatory, can reduce blood pressure, antipyretic, cholagogic, antiulcer, and is used as local anesthetic. ▪ Successful studies have included use for bacterial dysentery, acute gastroenteritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, suppurative otitis media, arrhythmia, hypertension, and osteomyelitis. ▪ Used for clearing Heat and drying Dampness in the Intestines, for diarrhea or dysentery with burning sensations or with rectal tenesmus and used in formulation. ▪ For Stomach Heat with nausea, vomiting and feelings of oppression in the chest, gastric pain and ulcers due to Liver fire attacking the Stomach such as: Acid regurgitation Bleeding peptic ulcer Feeling fullness and opression beneath the Heart with pain Ulcers on the tongue Toothache from Stomach Fire Xiao ke (wasting and thirsting) ▪ It sedates Liver Fire (e.g.: dizziness, headache, redness of face and eyes, bitter taste, dry throat, short temper, irritability, insomnia, nightmares, burning hypochondriac pain, tinnitus, constipation hematemesis or epistaxis, red tongue with yellow coating and wiry, slippery and rapid pulse). ▪ Heart Fire insomnia ▪ In formulation, coptis Expels Damp-Heat, eliminates Fire toxin associated with a Damp condition. ▪ A sedative by eliminating Heart Fire, and the elimination of Stomach Fire. ▪ Topically used for Damp-Heat sores. ▪ In all situations, it is used in formulation to counter some of its properties or to address specific body area conditions in a balanced way. ▪ As a berberine plant, it takes on the following actions: Analgesic, Antiamoebic, Antibacterial, Anticholeric, Antidiarrheal, Antidysenteric, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, Antisecretory, Antiseptic, Antitumor, Astringent, diaphoretic, Expectorant, Febrifuge, Mucosal anti-inflammatory, Mucosal stimulant, Mucosal tonic. ▪ Contains antimicrobial alkaloids that are active against different organisms and are very synergistic; and whole plant extracts, rather than isolated constituents usually have a large range of action, therefore very effective. ▪ The following list of microorganisms have been found susceptible to either individual constituents or extracts of the plants: Buhner sites for: Asperrgillus species, Aureobasisium pullulans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Blastocystis hominis, Candida species, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Crytococcus neoformans, Dengue virus, Entamoeba histolyticas, Enterobacter aerogenes, Epidermophyton floccusm, Ervinia carotavora, Escherichia coli, Fusarium nivale, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Giardia lamblia, Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis B, Herpes simplex 1 and 2, Human cytomegalovirus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Leishmania species, Malassezia species, Microsporum species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Propionbacterium acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella species, Staphylococcus aureis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus sanguinis, Trichoderma viride, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichophyton species, Trypanosoma cruzi, Vibrio cholerae, West Nile virus, Xanthomonas citri, Yellow fever virus, Zoogloea ramigera. Since the berberine plants are synergistic with a number of pharmaceuticals, such as fluconazole, ampicillin, and oxacillin, repeated use may reduce the GI tract absorption of permeability glycoprotein substrates including chemotherapeutic agents such as daunomycin. Beberine intake will increase the absorption of cyclosporine A if it is taken after long-term berberine use. ▪ When creating a treatment formula, it is advised that coptis interferes with the movement of constituents from radix scutellariae baicalensis across the intestinal membrane. ▪ The following is a list of microorganisms that are susceptible to either individual constituents of the berberine-containing plants or crude extracts of the plants such as Coptis, Mahonia, Berberis, Hydrastis, and Phellodendron: Aspergillus species Aureobasidium pullulans- black and white Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtills Blastocystis hominis Candida species Chlamydia species Corynebacterium diphtheriae Crytococcus Dengue virus Entamoeba histolytica Enterobacter aerogenes Epidermophyton floccosum Erwinia carotavora Escherichia coli Fusarium nivale Giardia lamblia Helicobacter pylori Hepatitis B Herpes simplex 1 and 2 Human cytomegalovirus Klebsiella pneumoniae Leishmania species Malassezia species Microsporum species Mycobacterium tuberculosis Propionbacterium acnes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella paratyphi Salmonella typhimurium Shigella species Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus sanguinis Trichoderma viride - green strain and brown mutant Trichomonas vaginalis Trichophyton species Trypanosoma cruzi Vibrio cholerae West Nile virus Xanthomonas citri Yellow fever virus	▪ Berberine ▪ Coptisine ▪ Palmatine ▪ Columbamine ▪ Obakunone ▪ Obakulactone ▪ Jatrorrhizine ▪ Palmatrine ▪ Worenine ▪ Magnoflorine ▪ Ferulic acid. ▪ "Coptis has the hightest percentage of berberine of all plants." (from 8-9 percent in the rhizome) ▪ Coptis chinensis	▪ Caution during pregnancy ▪ Used with caution for patients with Cold ▪ Yang Deficiency, Yin Deficiency or Deficient Spleen and Stomach ▪ Relatively safe but may have some side effects such a allergic reaction, rash, dizziness, headache, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, palpitaions, shortness of breath, abdominal fullness, diarrhea, and reduction of red blood cells, ▪ Contraindicated when there is Spleen Qi Deficiency, especially when there is Spleen Qi deficient diarrhea or when there is Yin Deficiency with vomiting, nausea, and cold. ▪ Used in formulation to balance affects of lowered blood pressure. ▪ Always used in balanced formulations by professional clinicians to ameliorate potential side effects.
11	1. Elecampane Inula heleniumandInula Japonica 2. Elecampane; scabwort; "revolved upturned flower" 3. Composite Family 4. Roots, leaves, flowers	1. Xuan Fu Hua 2. Bitter, acrid, salty, slightly warm 3. Large Intestine, Lung, Stomach,Spleen.	1. Acrid, bitter, pungent 2. Moving, clearing, toning, expeling, restoring. 3. Depression, stagnation, atrophy	Western Eclectic Herbalists. Germany, France, Italy.	▪ Tribes: Cherokee, Delaware, Oklahoma, Ontario, Iroquois, Malacite, Micmac, Mohegan	Used in India, Russia, Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, and Japan.	▪ Transforms Dampness and releases Summer Heat. ▪ Aromatically transforms Dampness, awakens the Spleen and regulates the Middle. ▪ Aromatically dispels Middle Jiao turbid filth to unbind the Stomach ▪ Harmonizes the Middle ▪ Used in cough syrup formulations (such as with: horehound leaves, cherry bark, elder berries, elecampane root, licorice root, mallow root, slippery elm bark, vervain leaf, lomatium root (See Buhner, "handbook of Herbal Medicine Making")	▪ Roots contain inulin, a dietary fiber. ▪ Also contains toxic sesquiterpene lactones, alantolactone, and resins. ▪ Contains: Quercetin Isoquercetin Caffeic acid Cholrogenic acid Taraxasterol Britannin Inulicin	▪ The toxic sequiterpene lactones can irritate mucous membranes ▪ This compound attaches to skin proteins, causing sensitization and contact allergic dermatitis. Therefore it has not been recommended in Germany. (this irritant may be avoided by using the herb in a different preparation such as the honey fried herb. It's noted to be difficult to maintain chemican stability of the root, which may explain why best results have followed pulping or by making a decoction of the fresh root.) ▪ 3-10 gms as a decoction can be wrapped in cheeseccloth prior to decocting to avoid irritation to the throat or digestive tract by the fuzz on the flowers. ▪ In some studies of mice, the root infusion (tea), had pronounced sedative effects. ▪ Not used in pregnancy and lactation. ▪ The honey fried herb more efectively moistens the Lung, dispels phlegm, and relieves cough and wheezing. ▪ It is bitter, warm, and dispersing in nature, so Xuan Fu Hua should be used with caution for patients experiencing a dry cough due to Yin Deficiency or loose stools because of Spleen Deficiency. ▪ Allergic dermatitis and diarrhea have been reported following the use of Xuan Fu Hua.
12	1. Eupatorii perfolatum 2. Boneset; fortune eupatorium; thoroughwort; herba eupatorium; "wearing orchid" 3. Composite family 4. Leaf, stem, and flower (just before blooming)	1. Pei Lan 2. Acrid, neutral, aromatic 3. Spleen, Stomach, Lung	1. Bitter, acrid 2. Acrid, aromatic 3. Depression and constriction	Used by early settlers of North America. Research noted in Germany.	Widely used by many First Nation American tribes.	Known uses in France, Germany, Spain, China, India.	▪ Febrifuge ▪ Diaphoretic ▪ Bitter tonic ▪ Laxative ▪ Immune stimulant ▪ The leaves were used to treat "break-bone fever" (dengue fever with severe aching down to the bones, hence the name Boneset). ▪ A common home remedy of nineteenth-century America, extensively employed by American Indians and early settlers for bone repair. ▪ It stimulates a chemical process of drawing broken bones back together. ▪ It appears to normalize androgen imbalance. ▪ Used for children's fevers. ▪ Induces heavy sweating to reduce fever and eliminate toxins via the skin. ▪ Antispasmodic to the respiratory system. Widely used with success during flu epidemics in nineteenth and early twentieth century. ▪ Leaf tea once used to induce sweating in fevers, flu, and colds. ▪ Used for malaria, rheumatism, muscular pains, spasms, pneumonia, pleurisy, and gout. ▪ Leaves are used on tumors as poultice. ▪ Anti-neoplastic ▪ German research suggests nonspecific immune-system stimulating properties, perhaps vindicating historical use in flu epidemics. ▪ For acute pain in the bones, fractures to promote healing of broken bones. ▪ Used with success in malaria, Dengue fever and bronchitis. ▪ Used for skin diseases that accompany children's fevers (measles, chicken pox, etc.). ▪ It was reportedly used well to combat 1793 yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. ▪ Used later in 1810 in New York City Poorhouse as a substitute for quinine. ▪ The plant extract is weakly anti-inflammatory. ▪ Boneset was an official entry in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia for nearly a century, 1820-1916. ▪ Combines well with yarrow or elderflowers and in formulation for colds and feverishness. ▪ It is well suited in cases with marked "chills intermitting with fever and chill in the bones." ▪ Boneset can bring the chill to a head and flush it out of the system, "whether it is well marked or not." (Wood: "It works well with malaria, for shaking that runs through the autonomic nervous system"). ▪ Used for digestive debility in the elderly. ▪ Stimulates deficient secretions from the gastrointestinal tract and liver. ▪ Boneset gets secretion going in the lungs, when mucus is stuck and is not moving out. ▪ It has reportedly been used for venemous snake bites and spider bites in formulation with gravel root, St. John's wort, and plantain to draw out the poison. ▪ Dissolves Dampness and dispels Summer-Damp, eliminates Damp-Heat from the Spleen. ▪ Antiobioic, against corynebacterium diphtheriae, staphylococcus aureus, sarcinae, bacillus proteus, and salmonella typhi, and the essential oil has an antiviral effect against influenza viruses. ▪ Also topical uses for some snake bites have had marked improvement. ▪ Native American peoples used specifically for intermittent fevers and chills, with pain in the bones, weakness and debility. ▪ American Eclectics used for intermittent and remittent fevers ( such as for malaria and typhoid), and for general debility, pneumonia, cough, epidemic influenza, colds, catarrh, and pains accompanying those conditions.	▪ P-cymene ▪ Methyl thymyl ether ▪ Neryl acetate ▪ Lindelofine ▪ Supinine ▪ B-amyrin palmitate ▪ B-amyrin acetate ▪ Taraxasteryl palmitate ▪ Taraxateryl acetate ▪ Taraxasterol ▪ Octacosanol ▪ Stigmasterol ▪ B- sitosterol ▪ Palmitic acid. Also noted: ▪ Methylglucuronoxylan ▪ Astragalin ▪ Eufoliatin ▪ Eufoliatorin ▪ Eupatorin ▪ Euperfolin ▪ Euperfolitin ▪ Euperfolide ▪ Euccannabinolide ▪ Eupatoriopicrin ▪ Hyperoside ▪ Rutin ▪ Polysaccharides ▪ and others which may be sesquiterpene lactones, common in the eupatoriums.	▪ Emetic and laxative in large doses. ▪ The hot infusion in quantity can cause vomiting and in moderate doses mild nausea can occur. ▪ The cooler the tea, the less nausea. ▪ May, in some cases, be contraindicated in pregnancy. ▪ May contain controversial and potentially liver-harming pyrrolizidine alkaloids. ▪ Generally, best used in a balanced non-toxic formulation. ▪ No herb/drug interactions have been noted.
13	1. Farfarae tussilago flos 2. Tussilago farfara; coltsfoot; "welcome winter flower" 3. Asteraceae family 4. Flower	1. Kuan Dong Hua 2. Acrid, warm 3. Lung, Heart	1. Salty 2. Cool, moist, dry, mucilaginous, astringent 3. Atrophy type stagnation (for a person who may not be able to expectorate hardening or stuck mucus)	Historically used in Western Europe and by Western Eclectic herbalists.	Used by the Iroquois.	Widely in S.E. Asia, and Japan.	▪ Expectorant ▪ Pulmonary tonic ▪ Moistens Lungs, descends Qi, dissolves phlegm, stops cough. ▪ Can be combined in influenza formulas. ▪ Used in formulation for cough and wheezing due to phlegm obstruction or water accumulation. ▪ Kuan Dong Hua has pharmacological effects on the respiratory system to suppress cough, eliminate sputum and relieve wheezing. ▪ Has been used on the cardiovascular system as a venous injection mixture to raise sympathetic tone and constriction of blood vessels that raises blood pressure. ▪ It has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system. ▪ Used in a preparation for asthma (it was not useful for acute and severe onset of asthma). ▪ Iroquois used coltsfoot as a strong cough medicine and tuberculosis remedy. ▪ A compound infusion of root has been taken as a consumption cough medicine. ▪ Indicated for certain types of vertigo, migraine, nasal obstruction as well as respiratory infections caused from the Cold, Damp or Wind. ▪ Painful sore throat ▪ Bronchitis ▪ Catarrh ▪ Emphysema ▪ Pleurisy ▪ Pneumonias: when dry mucus is difficult to raise and it may be adhesive, thick, and clogging the throat. ▪ Scar tissue in the lung. ▪ Palliatively for emphysema. ▪ It affects Liver and Gallbladder and lymphatics. ▪ Bladder infections with low back pain. ▪ Used externally for ulcers, weeping wounds, burns, and insect bites. ▪ Combined with European respiratory approaches with elecampane, mullein, marshmallow, and hoarhound. ▪ As an eliminative process it is used as marrubium vulgare, or verbascum thapsus.	▪ Faradiol ▪ Arnidiol ▪ Taraxanthin ▪ Phytosterine ▪ Senkirkine ▪ Rutin ▪ Hyperin ▪ Essential oils Farfaratin Tussilagin Tussilagone ▪ Phrrolidizine alkaloids are present in the plant but presence in the flower has not been confirmed.	▪ Should be used with caution for patients who have coughing caused by Heat, or who have lung abscesses or pus and blood in the sputum. ▪ Overdose may cause restlessness, excitation, irritability, and increased respiration. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
14	1. Forsythia fructus 2. Weeping forsythia capsule; forsythia suspensa 3. Oleaceae family 4. Fructus capsule (unripe fruit is considered to be the strongest)	1. Lian Qiao (also qing qiao or huang qiao, depending on whether the green or fully ripe yellow fruit is used as medicine) 2. Bitter, Cool 3. Lung, Heart, Gall Bladder	1. Bitter 2. Cool, moving 3. Stuck obstruction of toxic Heat	Not widely used in the West; however, since it has become an invasive species, it seems likely easy to harvest.	None known	Widely used in China, S.E. Asia, and Japan. Considered moderately invasive throughout the United States.	▪ Antibacterial (against staph, Heliocbacter pylori, E. coli). ▪ Anti-inflammatory ▪ Associated with reduction of blood pressure. ▪ Hepaprotective ▪ Antipyretic ▪ Antiemetic ▪ Diuretic ▪ Clears Heat, including Interior Heat affecting Heart and Pericardium and Heat in the Ying (nutritive level). ▪ Clears Heat and Eliminates toxins. ▪ Promotes urination. ▪ Antibiotic ▪ Anti-oxidant ▪ Vasorelaxant ▪ Antiemetic ▪ Cytoprotective ▪ Diuretic ▪ Used in the "Toxic Heat Attack Lung" Influenza Phase (Flu formula #2 from Wu Han outbreak at a TCM/Western Medicine Hospital). ▪ The dried fruit, whatever its ripeness, is used for fever, headache, restlessness, delirium, lymph gland enlargement, erysipelas, boils, and inflammations.	▪ Lignoids ▪ Oleanolic acid ▪ Betulic acid ▪ Ursolic acid ▪ Rutin ▪ Forsythoside A, C, D; essential oils of a-pinene ▪ B-pinene ▪ Terpinen and B-cymene.	▪ Use with caution for patients experiencing diarrhea or sores that are neither red nor painful. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
15	1. Glycyrrhiza radix, glabra or uralensis, and related species 2. Licorice root; and leaves have similar but much milder actions. 3. Leguminosae Family. Also of note Glycyrrhiza lepidota pursh of Pea Family, many species, mostly used in the same way. 4. Roots and leaves	1. Gan Cao 2. Neutral and sweet 3. Enters all 12 organ associated meridians	1. Sweet 2. Enhances other formula contents 3. Heat with weakness	Used throughout Europe, and especially Germany. Native to Europe, North Africa, Asia, Australia, North and South America.	Widely used by many First Nation American tribes (Glycyrrhiza lepidota).	Used for over 3,000 years in many cultures, in Russia, India, Japan, and S.E. Asia.	▪ Antibacterial (moderately, but strong against Staphyloccus and Bacillus species). ▪ Broad-spectrum antiviral, prevents viral replication, inhibits viral growth, viral uptake, and neuraminidase in numerous strains, virlon-associated RNA -dependent DNA polymerase, casein-kinase-II-mediated activation of HIV-1enzymes (including HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase), viral antigen expression of human cytomegalovirus, and protein-kinase-A and casein-kinase ll mediated phosphorylation of the ICP27 regulatory protein of HSV-1. ▪ Inactivates virus particles, strongly inhibits viral cytokine cascades, stops the ballooning degeneration of fused cells, modifies the intracellular transport and suppresses sialylation of hepatitis B virus surface antigen, inhibits RANTES secretion, lowers lipid bilayer membrane fluidity, thus stopping the virus-induced development of membrane pores through which the viruses can enter the host cells. ▪ Has been considered effective against enveloped viruses such as herpes virus, poxviruses, hepadnaviruses, flaviviruses, togaviruses, coronaviruses, hepatitis D, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses, bunyvirus, filovirus, and retroviruses. ▪ According to Buhner, Chinese skullcap and licorice in combination could be considered the main antiviral to use for any viral infection. ▪ Immune enhancing. ▪ As an immunostimulant, it stimulates interferon production, enhances antibody formation, stimulates phagocytosis. ▪ As an immunomodulant, it will reduce interferon-gamma levels if they are high and upregulate them if they are low. ▪ Strongly virustatic, and somewhat virucidal. ▪ Strongly inhibits the ability of many viruses to create the membrane pores through which viruses enter cells. ▪ Considered a primary synergist plant. It is rarely used alone nor in large doses. ▪ Native Americans used root tea as a tonic or laxative and to aid the voice for singing, for sore throats, childhood fevers, diarrhea, swellings and for the chest. The chewed roots used for flu, because of its cooling effect. The roots were held in the mouth for toothache also. ▪ Various and many functions: ▪ Tonifies Basal Qi and nourishes Spleen. ▪ Clears Heat and dispels toxins. ▪ Moistens the Lung. ▪ Relieves spasm and alleviates pain. ▪ Harmaonizes and moderates herbs in formulas. ▪ Used as a demulcent to treat mucous membrane irritation and inflammation, for coughs, asthma, hoarseness, and other respiratory conditiions. ▪ Used for ulcers, urinary tract irritation, bladder infections and painful diarrhea. ▪ G. Uralensis is used in Chinese medicine to temper the harshness of other herbs and to treat sore throat, coughs, wheezing, skin sores, and lower body spasms. ▪ Antineoplastic ▪ Immunostimulant ▪ Anti-inflammatory ▪ Expectorant ▪ Liver protective ▪ Antibacterial ▪ Antiviral ▪ Used in formulation for influenza as a synergist. Additional Actions: Adrenal cortex stimlant Adrenal tonic Analgesic Antibacterial Anticancer and tumor inhibitor Antihemolytic Antispasmodic Antistressor Antitussive Antiulcer Cardioprotective Demulcent Estrogenic Expectorant Gastric secretion inhibitor Hepatoprotective Immunomodulant Immunostimulant Gentle laxative Mucoprotective ▪ Prevents biofilm formation. ▪ Protects from effects of radiation exposure. ▪ Smooth muscle relaxant. ▪ Stimulates pancreatic secretions. ▪ Potent Synergist. ▪ Thymus stimulant. ▪ Tyrosinase inhibitor. ▪ Xanthine oxidase inhibitor. ▪ As a synergist, it potentiates the action of antituberculosis drugs and the action of oseltamivir against resistant influenza strains. ▪ It reduces toxicity and potentiates other medications in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ▪ G. potentiates the effect of neuromuscular blocking agent paeoniflorin. ▪ Found effective for influenza A strains H1N1, H2N2, H5N1, H9N2, novel H1H1, oseltamivir- H17istant novel H1N1, etc. Sars,- related coronavirus (FFM-1, FFM-2 - multiple isolates), respiratory synctial virus, parainfluenza virus 3, multiple strains of Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue, viral pneumonia, avian infectious bronchitis virus, enterovirus 71, rotavirus, adenovirus type 3, Coxasackie Bf3, Newcastle disease virus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, HIV-1, cytomegalogirus, herpes simplex 1 and 2, hepatitis (A,B,C, E, and likely D)j, varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr, poliovirus (vaccine types 1,2,3), measles, Chandipura virus, pseudorabies virus, vovine immunodeficiency virus, murine retrovirus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. ▪ Found to inhibit cellular infection by 11 different flaviviruses (renamed orthoflavivirus in 2023), including dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever. ▪ ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIONS AGAINST: Arthrinium sacchari Bacillus coagulans Bacillus megaterium Bacillus stearothermophilus Bacillus subtilus Candida albicans Chaetomium funicola Enterotoxigenic E coli Haemophilus influenzae Helicobacter pylori Klebisiella pneumoniae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Plasmodium species Salmonella paratyphi Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Sarcina lutea Shigella boydii Shigella dysenteriae Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus lactis Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus sobrinus Toxocara canis Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton rubrum Vibrio cholerae Vibrio mimicus Vibrio parahaemolyticus	▪ Glycyrrhizin ▪ Glycrrhetinic acid ▪ All licorice species contain glycyrretic acid. ▪ Glycyrrhizin and other plant steroids with confirmed anti-inflammatory actions.	This herb works best in a balancing herbal formulation. ▪ Generally non toxic, however, long term use as a single herb instead of as part of formula, or use of large doses, can cause some serious side effects. ▪ Not used when there is Excess Damp, nausea or vomiting and generally used with caution by those who retain water. ▪ Avoid using during pregnancy. ▪ Contraindicated in hypertension, hypokalemia, pregnancy, hypernatremia, and low testosterone levels unless for short term use in low doses combined with other balancing herbs. ▪ Over use can exacerbate or cause hypertension and sodium retention. ▪ In Germany use is limited to 4-6 weeks. ▪ Since the herb is so synergistic, it should not be used along with estrogenic, hypertensive, cardiac glycosides, diuretics, spironolactone, amiloride, corticosteroids, nor hydrocortisone pharmaceuticals. ▪ Some studies have found that large doses of licorice taken long term during pregnancy have detrimental effects on the unborn. ▪ Apparently low doses for a short time and in formulation are safe. ▪ Long term use has been associated with pseudoaldosteronism or hypokalemia side effects.
16	1. Houttuyniae cordata 2. Fish smelling herb and root; fish mint; rainbow plant; chameleon plant; heart leaf; Chinese lizard tail 3. Saururaceae family 4. Herb and root	1. Yu Xing Cao 2. Cool, sweet, acrid and salty 3. Liver, Lung, Bladder	1. Sweet, acrid, salty 2. Cool 3. Expels Heat and Damp, and toxins	Not widely known in the West	Not known	Used in S.E. Asia, India-Ayerveda, Japan, Nepal, Thailand, Korea, China, and more recently in the West even though considered an invasive.	▪ In TCM, Yu Xing Cao is cool, pungent and specific for the Lung channel, removes Toxic Heat, clears toxins, reduces swelling, discharges pus, relieves Stagnation- drains pus from lung abscesses, Heat in lung with cough, thick sputum, dyspnea, edema, carbuncles and sores, dysuria, leukorrhea, acute dysentery, acute UTI. ▪ Fresh juice used for snakebite and skin infections. ▪ Used for chronic nephritis, inflamed pelvis or cervix, PID, gonorrhea, rheumatism, anal prolapse, hemorrhoids, pneumonia, bronchitis, prevention of postoperative infections, inflammation and pus in the middle ear, measles, tonsillitis, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, inhibits anaphylactic reactions and various cancers. ▪ As an antiviral, it inhibits viral replication, interferes with the function of the viral envelope, directly virucidal, stops virion release from infected cells, prevents viral infection if taken prophylactically. ▪ Expels Heat and Toxins. ▪ Reduces inflammation and expels pus, dispels Damp-Heat and stimulates urination. ▪ Used for any infection, and Lung abscess, boils, carbuncles and other toxic swelling, internal or externally. ▪ Used for Damp-Heat in the Lower Burner, especially with inflammation with symptoms such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections or colitis. ▪ It clears pus and is anti-bacterial, antifungal. ▪ Increases phagocytosis. ▪ Antineoplastic ▪ In India used as a vegetable- leaves as a pot herb. ▪ In Japan and Korea, its leaves may be dried and used as tea. ▪ Has been used by Chinese scientists as a support during SARS. ▪ Not used as injection to avoid allergic reactions. ▪ ALSO: Analgesic Anthelmintic Antibacterial Anticancer Antifungal Anti-inflammatory Antileukemic Antimicrobial Antioxidant Antitussive Astringent Diuretic Depurative Emmenagogue Febrifuge Hemostatic Hypoglycemic Immunomodulatory Larvacidal Laxative Ophthalmic ▪ As a broad-spectrum antiviral, it's active against influenza virus A(H1N1s strains, Sars-related coronavirus (FFM-1, FFm-2), dengue virus serotype 2, avian infectious bronchitis virus (acnavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and pseudorabies herpesvirus. ▪ Studies have found it ineffective against polio and Coxsackie viruses. ▪ Active against bacteria and other microbes: Aedes aegypti larvae Aspergillus species Candida albicans Chromomycosis fungus Collectotrichum capsici Corynebacterium diphtheriae Cryptococcus neoformans Diploccus pneumoniae such as Streptococcus pneumoniae Epidermophyton rubrum Fusarium oxysporum Haemophilus influenzae Hymenolepsis diminuta Leptospira species Malassezia pachydermatis Microsporum ferrugineum Microsporum gypseum Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycoplasma hominis (numerous strains) Neisseria catarrhalis such as Moraxella catarrhalis Proteus vulgaris Salmonella choleraesuis such as S. enterica, Salmonella enteritidis Sarcina ureae Shigella flexneri Shigella schmitzii such as S. dysenteriae Shigella shigae such as S. dysenteriae Shigella sonnei Sporotrichum species Staphylococcus albus Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus hemolyticus Tinea imbricata Vibrio cholerae. ▪ Used to treat: Respiratory infections, especially SARS and influenza, ECHO infections, neurological enterovirus neurological encephalitis and dengue fever. Also, mycoplasma infections, serious infections in the lungs like abscesses, infections of urinary and kidneys, genital infections, dysentery and any bacterial diarrhea. Fresh juice or tea applied topically for eye diseases, skin infections with pus or boils—especially with foul smelling discharge. ▪ In the West, it is starting to be used to treat Lyme and its coinfections, such as bartonella.	▪ Volatile oil ▪ Decanol acetaldehyde ▪ Quercitin ▪ Cordarine ▪ Quercetrin ▪ Potassium sulfate ▪ Hyperin ▪ Houttuynoside A ▪ Various houttuynoids ▪ Houttuynin ▪ Lauryl aldehyde ▪ Caprilic aldehyde ▪ Quercetin 3-rhamnoside ▪ Quercetin 7-rhamnoside ▪ N-capric acid ▪ Cordarine ▪ Quercitrin ▪ Isoquercitrin ▪ Decanoyl acetaldhyde ▪ Alpha-pinene ▪ Beta-pinene ▪ Linalool ▪ Camphene ▪ Myricene ▪ Limonene ▪ Caryophyllene ▪ Afzerine ▪ Hyperin ▪ Chlorogenic acid ▪ Beta-sitosterol ▪ Stearic acid ▪ Oleic acid ▪ Linoleic acid ▪ Myrcene ▪ 2-undecanone ▪ Hyperoside ▪ P-cymene ▪ Eucalyptol ▪ Beta-ocimene ▪ Non-anal ▪ Fenchyl alcohol ▪ Menth-2-cn-1-ol ▪ Trans-pinocarveol ▪ Verbenol ▪ Camphor ▪ Beta-terpineol ▪ Pinocarvone ▪ Isoborneol ▪ Pelargol ▪ Terpinen-04-ol ▪ Myrtenal ▪ Alpha-terpineol ▪ Berbenone ▪ Trans-carveol ▪ Piperitone ▪ Isopulegol acetate ▪ Bornyl acetate ▪ Isobornyl acestate ▪ Benzyl isobutyrate ▪ Undecanal ▪ Alpha-terpinyl formate ▪ Dihydrocarvyl acetate ▪ Neryl acetate ▪ Undecyl alcohol ▪ Geranyl ▪ Acestate ▪ 4-acetamido-1-hexanol ▪ Beta-caryophyllene ▪ Beta-farnesene ▪ Lauryl alcohol ▪ Beta-chamigrene ▪ Valencene ▪ Methyl undecyl ketone ▪ Alpha-bulnesene ▪ Dodecanoic acid ▪ Nerolidol ▪ Spathulenol ▪ Cryophyllene oxide ▪ Viridiflora ▪ Juniper camphor ▪ Methyltridecyl detone ▪ Phytone ▪ Heptadecanol ▪ Phytol ▪ Phytol acetate ▪ A variety of aristolactams ▪ Piperolactam ▪ Aporphines ▪ Splendidine ▪ Lysicamine ▪ 4, 5-dioxoaphorphines ▪ Norcephanadione B ▪ Noraritolodione ▪ Various amides. Also: ▪ High in potassium, magnesium, and sodium. ▪ "A significant number of the compounds in Houttuyniae possess antiviral and antibacterial actions. The whole herb was found to be more effective than any of the isolated constituents, showing a profound synergism in its chemical actions." (Buhner)	Use cautiously when there is Cold from Deficiency symptoms. Best used in a balanced formulation.
17	1. Isatidis tinctoria radix 2. Woad; dyer's woad; glastum; Asp of Jerusalem; isatis 3. Cruciferae and Brassicaceae Families (many species are in this genus) 4. Root and leaves tried only in the West, historically.	1. Ban Lan Gen root 2. Cold and bitter, with latent Heat clearing properties 3. Lung, Heart, Stomach (In TCM, roots and leaves are considered different medicines). 1. Da Qing Ye leaves 2. extremely astringent, bitter, cold, anti-inflammatory, detoxicant, removes Heat from the Blood and fever. 3. Lung, Liver	▪ Historically, the herb rather than the root was used in the West and in Europe mostly as a dye. ▪ The aerial herb of this plant is considered too astringent to be given internally. For example: it is used as an external plaster applied to the region of the spleen, or as an ointment for ulcers, or to stanch bleeding. ▪ Currently it is acknowledged that the leaves must be combined with other appropriate herbs if used internally as a tincture, etc. ▪ There is no mention of root use historically in the West.	In some locations in the United States the plant is classified as a non-native and invasive weed by the agriculture departments of those states.	None known	▪ Uses found in S.E. Asia, Japan, and China. ▪ The aerial part of the plant was used to create a blue dye in medieval England, Germany, and France. ▪ Native to the steppe and desert zones of Caucasus, Central Asia to Eastern Siberia and Western Asia and now found in south-Eastern and Central Europe and western North America.	▪ Ban Lan Gen/Isatis root expels Heat and Fire Toxicity, Cools Blood, and Dispels Damp-Heat in Lower Burner. ▪ Isatis is used for febrile diseases, especially infections and diseases such as mumps and others associated viral infections. ▪ As an immunostimulant, it is used for febrile diseases with symptoms of fever, rapid pulse, and red tongue body with yellow coat, and for jaundice and hepatitis. ▪ Used for all types of cancers, including non solid cancers, especially leukemia. ▪ Ban Lan Gen/Isatis root is listed for use as an injectable for cancers. ▪ The leaves of Isatis are very potent and are more specific for acute upper respiratory infections than the root (used in combination with a balanced formula). ▪ The root is better at modulating and increasing immune response functions. ▪ The root and leaves can be combined in a balanced formula with botanicals such as lomatium or licorice. ▪ A very broad antiviral, active against influenza viruses A and B and various strains of H1N1 as well as H6N2, H7N3, H9N2, SARS, coronavirus, Coxsackie virus B2, B3, B4, rubellavirus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human adenovirus type3, measles, mumps, varicella virus 1, cytomegalovirus, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, swine pseudorabies virus, Newcastle disease virus, goose parvovirus, and porcine parvovirus. ▪ Strongly specific for all strains of influenza (regardless of source), all primary respiratory virus infections, viral pneumonias, meningitis, pseudomonas lung infections, scarlet fever, sore throat, laryngitis, tonsillitis, Epstein-Barr, gastoenteritis, hepatitis, bacterial conjunctivitis (as eye drops), leukemia, chicken pox, shingles, encephalitis, and generally any viral infection. ▪ Active against paramyxoviruses, including respiratory synctial virus, mumps, measles, and Newcastle disease. ▪ Broad spectrum antiviral. Directly virucidal, inhibits viral replication, inhibits virus attachment to cells, inhibits hemagglutination, inhibits viral replication, inhibits virus attachment to cells, inhibits hemaglutination, and inhibits viral neuraminidase (equivalent to Tamiflu in potency), and inhibits RANTES (a cytokine produced by T-cells related to a chemokine family). ▪ Potentiates effectiveness of viral vaccines and is an immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antinociceptive, antiallergenic, tyrosinase inhibitor, antioxicant, antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antileukemic, antitumor, potent urease inhibitor (found in many bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, soils, some invertebrates), potent cross-class serene protease inhibitor, butyrycholinesterase inhibitor, lipogenase inhibitor, antiendotoxin, and dioxin antagonist -including against TCDD or 2,3,7,8-tetrachloroibenzodioxin. ▪ Antimicrobial actions against Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton schoenleinii, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Trichophyton simii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Bacillus pasteurii such as Sporosarcina pasteurii, leukemic and liver cancer cells and other cancers. ▪ Alcohol and water extracts of Isatis microcarpa (dried leaves) are active invitro agianst Bacillus subtillis, B. sphaericus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species, E. coli, Salmonella species, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria tenuis, Microsporum fulvum. ▪ Water extracts of the root are active against Staphylococcus species, and Haemophilus influenzae. ▪ The isothiocyanates in the plant are inhibitory of Clostridium difficile. ▪ Some resources list Isatis as active against other organisms such as Neisseria spp (skin perfusion pressure). ▪ Used in China for viral hepatitis. ▪ Specific for all strains of influenza, all respiratory virus infections, viral pneumonia, meningitis, pseudomonas lung infections, scarlet fever, sore throat, laryngitis, tonsillitis, Epstein-Barr, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, bacterial conjunctivitis (as eyedrops), leukemia, chicken pox, shingles, encephalitis., paramyxovirus including respiratory syncytial virus, mumps, measles, Newcastle disease, rubella (the Togaviridae family of viruses). ▪ The plant contains kaempferol (active against Encephalitis B). ▪ Used as an adjunct for any encephalopathy of viral origin.	▪ More than 65 nonvolatile plant compounds have been identified in the leaves: alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, porphyrins, lignase, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and cyclohexenones. ▪ 70 volatile compounds have been identified: aliphatic hydrocarbons, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, aromatic aldehydes, ethers, furans, isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, sulfurated compounds, nitriles, terpenes, sesquiterpenes, (isothiocyanates account for about 40% of the total volatile amounts). ▪ Also: indican, isatin, isatisine A, indirubin, bisindigotin, kaempferol, indigotin, epigoitrin, isatinones A and B, trisindoline, salicylic acid, syringic acid, benzoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, indolin-2-one, anthranilic acid, 3'-hydroxyepiglucoisatisin, epiglucoisaatisn, various flavone C-glucopyranosides, indolinone, indigo, alpha-linolenic acid, cytidine, hypoxanthine, uridine, xanthine, guanosine, L-pyroglutamic acid, sinigrin, uracil, beta-sterol, caucosterol, o-aminobenzoic acid, glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin-1-sulfonate, some hydroxycinnamic acids, etc. ▪ "There is 20 times more of the cancer preventing glucobrassicin in isatis than its relative broccoli" (Buhner) ▪ Indoxyl B-glucoside, isatin, kinetin, kaemperferol, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, magnesium, potassium, quercetin	▪ Not used for Deficiency nor when there is not true Fire Toxicity. ▪ The leaf alone can cause nausea. ▪ The root has no reports of allergic reactions with oral use -only from intramuscular injections. ▪ The leaf can induce a deep chill with use longer than 3 weeks, which is enough time to clear the issues. Longer use can cause weakness, light headedness. Stop use will correct the problem. ▪ Do not use if on dialysis or if experiencing renal failure. High doses or long-term use could negatively affect the kidneys. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
18	1. Lobeliae Chinensis 2. Chinese lobelia 3. Campanulaceae Family. 4. Herb and root	1. Ban Bian Lian 2. Acrid and Cold 3. Heart, Lung, Small Intestine	Not referenced here. See Lobelia inflata.	None known	None known	Used throughout China, S.E. Asia, and Japan.	▪ Diuretic ▪ Reduces edema and ascites. ▪ Regulates water circulation and eliminates water retention. ▪ Clears Heat and eliminates toxins. ▪ Anti-inflammatory ▪ Cools blood. ▪ Reduces toxicity broadly antipathogenic and antifungal. ▪ Used for enteritis and dysentery. ▪ Eczema ▪ Liver cirrhosis ▪ Cancer ▪ Inflamed sores, abscesses ▪ Venomous snakebites. (15-30 gm up to 60gm) -for insect or snake bites: use both internally and topically simultaneously, (Chen references combining it with Scutellariae Radix, Rh Coptidis, Flos Lonicerae, and Flos Chrysanthemi Indici for this purpose.) ▪ Stimulates respiratory system and reverse respiratory depression associated with use of morphine or from insect or snake venom. ▪ Diuretic ▪ Antihypertensive in large amounts ▪ Has cholagogic and antibiotic effects.	▪ Lobeline ▪ Lobelanine ▪ Lobelanidine ▪ Isolobelanine ▪ Lobelinin ▪ Polyfructosan ▪ Flavones ▪ Saponins	▪ Caution with all types of Deficiencies (like Cold conditions without Toxic Heat). ▪ It has been recommended to use electroytes in water especially if there is concurrent use of diuretic drugs. ▪ Contraindicated in patients who have edema caused by Deficiency. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
19	1. Lobelia inflata 2. Indian tobacco; pukeweed 3. Bluebell family 4. Whole plant. Dried herb is collected when part of the capsule is inflated.	Not referenced here. See Lobelia Chinensis.	1. Sour like vinegar 2. Relaxant, mildly sedating in small amounts, antispasmodic, nervine, emetic 3. Contraction, constriction, spasm	Used by the American Eclectic School of Physicians (after WW I for influenza in Germany, France, and Italy).	Used by Cherokee, Crow, and Iroquois.	A very widely used herb in nineteenth century America.	▪ Traditionally used for inducing vomiting. and sweating. ▪ Sedative ▪ Used for asthma, whooping cough, fevers to enhance or direct action of other herbs. ▪ It has been used in "quit smoking" lozenges, patches and chewing gums and without addictive effects. ▪ It produces dilation of the bronchioles and increased respiration. ▪ Proper dosage is important. ▪ Used in formulation. ▪ Example: Lobelia extract - 5 drops Gelsemium - 5 drops Bryonia -10 drops Distilled water -4 oz. It was taken 5 times per day a few drops at a time. ▪ Example of a formulation for a deep cough: Lobelia combined with Pleurisy root Peppermint and valerian root as liquid extracts or tinctures -2 t. every 2 hours for acute situations On remission of fever then it was taken 3 times per day. ▪ Used for bites and stings and roots and leaves used on boils and sores ▪ Used for asthma ▪ Emetic infusion of the plant was taken to vomit and cure tobacco or whiskey habit. (Iroquois) ▪ Some medicinal uses of lobelia listed by Christopher: Abscesses, weakness, heart excitability, asthma, blood poisoning, blood circulation regulation, boils, bronchial problems, bruises, catarrrh, chicken pox, colds, colic, nervous dyspepsia, acute indigestion, diphtheria, earache, eczema, epilepsy, hepatitis,hydrophobia, meningitis, nephritis, tetankus, small doses for vomiting, whooping cough.	Lobeline, a chemical cousin of nicotine is one of 14 aldaloids in the plant. Resin, wax, gum, lignin, fixed oil.	▪ To use as an infusion: the seed is best used when crushed. ▪ As a powder, use the leaves, stems, flowers and/or pods. ▪ As a tincture, use the green or dried herb leaves.I19 ▪ Lobelia can be used orally, anally, externally, or a drop or two in the ear. ▪ Warning: some consider it toxic because of its strong emetic, expectorant, and sedative effects. ▪ Use in small or homeopathic doses. ▪ Contraindicated when there is feeble pulse or nerve response, pregnancy, shock, or paralysis. ▪ Large doses induce vomiting. ▪ Used for many conditions and usually best in formulation or as low homeopathic type dose. ▪ Proper dosing and selection of the plant part (leaf, seed, or stem) is essential. ▪ Administration: ▪ "Lobelia rapidly influences all parts of the body. However, due to its highly diffusable nature, it should always be used with a more permanent stimulant such as cayenne or peppermint." (Christopher) ▪ Lobelia is mostly used in formulation.
20	1. Lonicera flos Japonica 2. Honeysuckle flowers 3. Caprifoliaceae Family, which also includes elder. 4. Flowers buds, leaves, and vine	1. Jin Yin Hua 2. Cold and sweet 3. Lung, Heart, Stomach, Large Intestine	1. Sweet 2. Cool 3. Counters and disperses heat and wind	Flowers, leaves, and stems historically used thoughout Europe and North America.	There are many varieties of honeysuckle in many locations used with over lapping medicinal functions by First Nations people: Navajo, Ramah, Iroquois, Menominee, Montagnais, Potawatomi, Chehalis, Cowichan, Klallam, Lummi, Swinomish, Thompson, Algonquin, Quebec, Chippewa, Meskwaki, Cree, Woodlands, Mendocino, Shoshoni, Yuki, Bella Coola, Carrie-Northern, Carrier▪ Southern, Gitksan, Kwakiut, Makah, Nitinaht, Nootka Mannhousat, Nuxalkmc, Okanagan-Coville, Poliklah, Quileute, Quinault, Thompson, and Wet-suwet'en.	Used in Japan and now naturalized throughout the world. Important medicine in China, and Arabic medicine.	▪ Expels Heat and Fire from toxicity. ▪ Dispels Wind-Heat, derived from an external pathogen. ▪ Expels Damp-Heat from the Lower Burner. ▪ It is for acute infections with pain and swelling such as boils, sore throat, conjunctivitis, upper respiratory tract infection and intestinal abscesses. ▪ It is used for External Wind-Heat with symptoms of fever, sore throat, common cold, influenza and headache. ▪ Used for dysentery and acute urinary tract infection. ▪ Honeysuckle can be used as a general anti inflammatory, antibiotic, antiviral, to reduce swellings of breast, sore and swollen throat, and conjunctivitis, and intestinal abscess. ▪ Inhibits ascites carcinoma and inhibitory rate of 22.2% on sarcoma 180 in rats. ▪ Used in TCM formulas for cancer of lungs and breast. ▪ Combined with forsythia blossoms for inflammatory conditions as well as cancer. ▪ Immunostimulant.	▪ Flavones ▪ Luteolin ▪ Luteolin-7-glucoside ▪ Inositol ▪ Saponins	▪ Not used with Deficient Spleen or Stomach, nor with symptoms of coldness and diarrhea. ▪ Use with care when there's Qi or Yin Deficiency. ▪ 6-15 gm up to 60gm for severe cases. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
21	1. Oldenlandiae chrysotrichae and oldenlandia diffusa, hedyotis. 2. White snake flower tongue herb; white-patterned snake's tongue herb; spreading hedyotis 3. Rubiaceae family 4. Aerial herb portions	1. Bai Hua She She Cao 2. Mild, bitter,cold, and non-toxic 3. Heart, Liver, Spleen, Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine.	1. Mildly bitter 2. Cooling, non toxic 3. Lax toxic tissue states, unbalanced and unable to defend healthy structure	Herbalists in the West are learning more about this important herb.	None known	Used throughout China, and S.E. Asia.	▪ Clears Heat and eliminates toxins. ▪ Used for sore throat. ▪ Antibacterial. ▪ Oldenlandia Hedyotis has been shown to inhibit the mitosis process of tumor cells and cause degeneration and necrosis of tumors. ▪ Argentaffin surrounds tumors, inhibits in some ways infiltration and metastasis. ▪ Used both internally and topically. ▪ Good for all cancers, especially gastrointestinal, cervical, breast, rectum, stomach, fibrosarcoma, lung, and leukemia in formulation. ▪ It is combined with other antineoplastic and balancing botanicals. ▪ Other clinical applications include intestinal abscesses, skin sores and carbuncles, sore throat, tumors, cancer and hepatitis in fomulations. ▪ It has been used to treat various types of cancers, and it can be combined with other Heat Clearing and Toxin eliminating herbs for optimal results. ▪ It is also antivenum for snake bite. ▪ H. Oldenlandia Drains Dampness andhas a mild antibacterial action against staphylococcus aureus and bacillus dysenteriae. ▪ Antineoplastic. ▪ H. Oldenlandia and Rd. Asparagi have been used in combination to treat fibrocystic breast disorders, and cancers of the breast and lymphatic system. ▪ It is listed for use as an injectable for cancer care in Australia.	▪ Corymbosin ▪ Argentaffin ▪ Diterpenoid acids ▪ B-sitosterol ▪ Stearic acid ▪ Oleic acid ▪ Linoleic acid (MT) ▪ Hentriacontane ▪ Stigmasterol ▪ Urosolic acid ▪ Oleanolic acid ▪ B-sitosterol ▪ B-sitosterol-D-glucolside ▪ Flavonoids. (Chen)	▪ Not to be used during pregnancy. ▪ Also, in very large doses, it may reduce libido. ▪ Always used in balancing formulations to accommodate underlying conditions and symptoms.
22	1. Oreganum vulgare herba 2. Oregano; wild oregano; wild marjoram 3. Mint family, cousin to Monarda fistulosa 4. Herb	Not referenced here for TCM, however, some more modern TCM formulas combine it with TCM pharmacopoeia.	1. Pungent 2. Warm and diffusive 3. Depressive	Naturalized in North America after noted use in England,.	None known	Wild Mediterranean oregano leaf oil extract is well known.	Used for: Fever Tinnitus Colds Flus with chills and shivering Respiratory tract infections with profuse mucus and chilliness Halitosis Putrid digestion Abdominal swelling Hiccough Belching Dyspepsia Gastritis Spasm with colic ▪ Has also been used at the beginning of measles to bring on sweating and the rash, and to lessen the course of the disease. ▪ Oregano essential oil used for various herpetic viruses. ▪ Hepatitis ▪ Wart pathogens ▪ Digestive fungus, candidiasis ▪ Norovirus ▪ Intestinal flu pathogens ▪ Coronaviruses and flu ▪ Published in Medical Science Research, found that oil of oregano destroyed a variety of viruses. Along with cinnamon oil, it shattered the viruses which they deemed "remarkable." The oregano oil essentially dissolved the pathogens.This includes complete action against the Newcastle viruses, known to cause fatalities in birds and poultry.Oil of oregano and its active ingredient carvacrol were so highly regarded in a study that they were deemed a potent treatment for preventing food poisoning, both in food and beverages and on surfaces. The oil appears to "disrupt" the viral capsid. ▪ Also used in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. ▪ The oil produced through distillation is more potent than the CO2 extract. ▪ Also combined with oil of sage found to be antiviral. ▪ In England, used against HIV. ▪ It has also been combined with cumin, sage, oregano, and cinnamon oils. ▪ It has been stated that the oil of oregano can be taken every hour, however, it may be advisable to take with some food. ▪ Among others, it is considered an essential follow up treatment after doxicycline for Lyme disease.	▪ Contains flavonoids ▪ Triterpenoids ▪ Vitamins A and C ▪ And volatile oils.	Take with a small amount of food each time.
23	1. Phragmitis communis 2 "Reed rhizome"; phragmites root 3. A genus of four species of large perennial reed grasses found in wetlands throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world▪ Poaceae family 4. Phragmitis root, reed, rhizome	1. Lu Gen 2. Cold and sweet 3. Lung, Stomach	Not widely known in the West. 1. Bitter 2. Cold 3. Generation of body fluids for dry heat and clears inflammation	None noted	None known	From temperate and tropical regions of the world.	▪ Clears Heat and promotes the generation of body fluids from injury during febrile disease. ▪ Clears Stomach Heat and regulates Stomach Qi for nausea and vomiting from Heat. ▪ Clears Lung Heat and regulates Lung Qi for dryness cough with thick and sticky sputum. ▪ Used in formulation with herbs such as Yi Yi Ren (Coix and Loncera and Houttuyniae) for cough and thirst caused by Lung Heat, bronchitis, alternating chills and fever, chest congestion and pain, blood streaked sputum, or lung abscess. ▪ Clears heat and promotes diuresis, vents rashes (early stages of measles in children). ▪ Relieves food poisoning. ▪ Used for the "Influenza Phase Toxic Heat Attacks Lung" (Flu formula #2 from the Wu Han COVID 19 at a TCM hospital). ▪ Promotes diuresis, vents rashes, and used in formulation for sore or strep throat. ▪ Mild CNS suppressant.	▪ Amino acids ▪ Fatty acids ▪ Sterols ▪ Tocopherols ▪ Polyphenols ▪ Caffeic acid ▪ Gentisic acid ▪ Dioxane lignin ▪ Quaiacyl ▪ Syringl ▪ 4-hydroxyphenly, ▪ 2,5-dimethoxy-p-benzo-quinone ▪ P-hydroxybenzaldehyde ▪ Syringaldehyde, ▪ Coniferaldehyde ▪ Vanillic acid ▪ Ferulic acid ▪ P-courmaic acid ▪ Coixol, ▪ Asparagine ▪ Arabinose ▪ Xylose ▪ Glucose.	▪ Cautions: cold in nature so caution for people with Deficiency and Cold of the Spleen and Stomach. In this case it's used in formulation only and with care. ▪ Preparations of Lu Gen have a mild inhibitory effect on the smooth muscle of the intestines by slowing down intestinal peristalsis, and it has a mild sedative effect on the central nervous system in rodents and counters the excitation induced by caffeine.
24	1. Puerariae lobatae radix 2. Kudzu; lobed kudzuvine root; kudzu pueraria Montana var.; Asian arrowroot 3. Pea Family 4. Root, flower, stem	1. Ge Gen 2. Sweet, acrid, cool 3. Spleen, Stomach	1. Sweet, acrid 2. Cool 3. Wind releasing, Internal prolapse when there's Wind-Heat chronic weakness	Grows in the Southeast United States as invasive species and used by some herbalists.	None known	Considered Invasive in the United States.	▪ Dispels Wind from the Exterior and releases muscles. ▪ Used for relieving Wind-Heat that manifests in headache, fever, stiffness and pain in the neck and shoulders. It enters the Spleen, which in TCM, controls the muscles. ▪ It dispels pathogenic factors from the muscle layer and relieves pain. ▪ Used in formulation it can also address Wind-Cold as well as "half-exterior and half-interior" syndromes. ▪ Promotes the eruption of measles. ▪ Clears Heat, and generates fluids in febrile disorders especially in formulation. ▪ Ge Gen lifts the Yang Qi and stops diarrhea due to Damp-Heat, as well as chronic diarrhea from Spleen and Stomach qi prolapse. ▪ It has been used to treat hypertension, headache, stiff neck, tinnitus and dizziness and has been useful for coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and sudden deafness. ▪ Research has shown numerous pharmacological effects such as dilating coronary blood vessels, antiplatelet action, antihypertensive, antipyretic, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, antialcoholic, sudden deafness, and migraine headaches. ▪ Flower tea used for stomach acidity; "awakens the Spleen," expels drunkenness. ▪ Seeds used for dysentery. Root, flowers, and seeds used in China to sober an intoxicated person. ▪ Poulticed for sores, swellings, and mastitis. ▪ Tea gargles for sore throats ▪ Root starch used to stimulate production of body fluids. ▪ Eaten as food. ▪ Roots are richer in estrogenic isoflavones, daidzein and genistein than soybeans. ▪ Genistein may prevent the development of tumors by preventing the formation of new blood vessels that nourish the tumors. ▪ Daidzein and daidzin have been shown to inhibit the desire for alcohol and to reduce blood pressure and venous obstruction. ▪ An extract of the root was found to have 100 times the antioxidant activity of vitamin E. ▪ Kudzu extracts have also been found to stimulate generation of liver tissue while protecting against liver toxins.	▪ Isoflavonoids Puerarin Daidzin Daidzein Daidzein 4 7 - diglucoside Formononetin Genistein Triterpenoid sapogenols.	▪ Kudzu blankets millions of acres in the Southeast United States as an invasive species of sorts and could be put to good use by harvesting its economic and medicinal potential. ▪ Use in a balancing formula with nausea and vomiting because of its cool nature, therefore use with caution with Cold in the Stomach or with Yang Deficiency. ▪ Also caution in the summer if there is excess perspiration during Wind-Heat invasion.Caution with insulin, sulfonylureas and other antidiabetic medicaitons. ▪ Also caution in patients who take anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. ▪ When used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
25	1. Sambucus Canadensis 2. Sambucus nigra used interchangeably with black elder; sambucus nigra. Every place the plant grows, it has a different name. 3. Honeysuckle Family or Adoxaceae. 4. Flowers, berries, inner bark, leaves	Not much noted in easily available current primary Chinese reference texts, however, the following reference has been recently cited by Buhner: 1. Lu ying (Sambucus chinensis) has been listed as a synonym for (Sambucus javanica), also Mao gu xiao (Sambucus formosana). 2. Warm and bitter, dispels stasis and wind (the herb and berries) 3. Liver	1. Dry flowers are sweet, sour, slightly acrid 2. Overall moist, cool, sedating, stimulating (dry flowers and berries) 3. Used for irritation, constriction, atrophy (dry flowers), depressive states (berries)	American Eclectic School of Physicians (after WW I for influenza) Commonly used now in North America to support immune function.	Used by Algonquin, Quebec, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Chippewa, Choctaw, Creek, Delaware, Oklahoma, Houma, Iroquois, Menominee, Meskwake, Micmac, Mohegan, Rappahannock, and Thompson.	▪ Used extensively in many parts of the world. ▪ American herbalists use the flowers but not normally as a primary treatment. ▪ Used as a standardized liquid extract, lozenge or some form of berry juice in Germany. Other countries have adopted this approach. ▪ The root is used in Asian as a concentrated decoction for arthritic inflammation. ▪ The genus name, Sambucus comes from the ancient Latin, Greek, and Aramaic roots and is also the name of an ancient musical instrument such as panpipes made from the hollow stems of the plant. ▪ It was thought to be a panacea to cure all "primary mythological god Pan." (Buhner) ▪ Used in Ayurvedic medicinals. ▪ Indonesia ▪ Elder Sambucus has been used in medical practice for over 2,500 years.	▪ Must be properly prepared. ▪ The flowers, prepared berry fruit, bark, and roots have been used extensively in many parts of the world, with emphasis on the appropriate plant parts for the appropriate presentation. FLOWERS AND PREPARED BERRIES: ▪ Used for harsh, dry, red-heat skin conditions and eczema, especially of cheeks and arms. ▪ Treats colds and flu, and lowers fevers. ▪ A warm tea of the flowers used for colds, fevers, and headaches. ▪ Dried berries once used to treat diarrhea. ▪ Used in formulation for influenza, for example, with peppermint, yarrow, boneset, and pleurisy root properly prepared in tincture form. ▪ Elder flower in tea as infusion for influenza with yarrow, white horehound, peppermint, and boneset. (Example: infuse 2 T. in 1 pint boiling water and drink a cup at bedtime. Drink the rest the following day). ▪ "The great infant remedy" for infants with blue, pale swelling across the nose, or red, dry, irritated skin of the cheeks; "opens the tubes and pores," lubricates the skin, improves respiration, digestion, and kidney function. (Wood) ▪ Properly prepared for children with marbling of the skin and respiratory problems: croup, fulness in the ears, respiratory problems, skin problems, and eczema. ▪ For full-bodied persons, especially women, with red-blue marbling of the flesh on the arms and legs. ▪ For colic, water retention under the skin, and lower back pain. ▪ For elderly with edema; blue swollen ankles. ▪ For conditions where there are both stagnant fluids and blood, hence, pale, blue-swelling; or where the skin is dry, harsh, or red. ▪ Used for poorly socialized children classified as hyperactive. ▪ For congestion of the respiratory tract with restriction of breathing. ▪ Upper respiratory system, postnasal drip, allergic shiners under the eyes. ▪ Tissues full, flabby, as if containing water. ▪ Fever/harsh, dry, red, irritated skin of cheeks and arms ▪ Influenza, achy feeling. ▪ To improve immunity in winter. ▪ For waking at night, difficulty breathing, has a blue cast to the skin. ROOTS AND BARK AND INNER BARK ▪ Used properly, proven biological effects include: antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, diuretic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective properties. ▪ Inner bark and root are strongly emetic and cathartic, formerly used in minute doses as a cleansing purgative. ▪ Tea of the bark and root for headache mucous congestion and to promote labor. ▪ Hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective properties. ▪ Laxative (especially berries and bark, anticatarrhal, relaxing diaphoretic. ▪ Hydragogue and cathartic. ▪ Emetic and diuretic, inner bark and root. ▪ Urinary antiseptic; an old household remedy for promoting the flow of urine. ▪ Inner bark used as a cold infusion. ▪ Intestinal colic and constipation. ▪ Swollen spleen (berries) in formulation. ▪ Anemia (berries) in formulation. ▪ Hemangioma in formulation. ▪ Fibroids in formulation. ▪ Dropsy following eruptive fevers. ▪ Used as emetic in small amounts. EXTERNAL USE: ▪ Elder blossom and inner bark used as emollient for skin. ▪ Poultice of leaves or bark have been used on boils, swelling, bruises, and eczema. ▪ Juice of flowers and fresh berries used externally in salves for wounds, burns, and other skin conditions. ▪ "Tea" of leaves, bark, or flowers used as an antiseptic external wash for skin inflammation and wounds. ▪ Diseases of the skin, when the tissues seem full; epidermis separates and there is abundant serous discharge that forms crusts (weeping eczema). ▪ Young leaves used externally for tinea, ringworm, rashes, and scabies. ▪ Used externally for blue and swollen sprained wrists and ankles, and tight tendons. ▪ Although more research is needed, the following summarizes what Elder is "active against": ▪ Elderberries: Influenza A (H1N1, H5N1, H3N2, KAN-1) Some turkey and swine strains Four serotypes of HIV Feline virus Various mycoviruses Haemophilus influenzae Resitant and nonresistant Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Group C and G streptocci Branhamella catarrhalis Heliobacter pylori Bacillus cereus Pseudomonas aeruginosa E. coli Salmonella poona Shigella spp Mycobacterium phlei. ▪ Elder flowers: Influenza A and B Staphyloccoccus aureus Bacillus cereus Salmonella poona Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterum phlei. ▪ Elder leaves: Tobacco mosaic virus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Columbia SK virus Bacillus cereus Serratia marcescens E. coli Epidermophyton floccosum Microsporum canis Microsporum gypseum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton rubrum. ▪ Elder stem bark: Respiratory syncytial virus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Columbia SK virus Candida albicans Trichosporon beigelli Malasseizia furfur Tobacco mosaic virus.	Different plant parts of sambucus have different functions. Flavenoids, oil, tannins. Berries contain Vitamin C and iron. ▪ A complex plant containing bioactive proteins such as lectins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, fatty acids, tannins, and cyanogenic glycosides in varying degrees, depending on the species, variety and plant part. ▪ Best to work with a herbalist knowledgable about which plant part and preparation to use. ▪ Always see contraindications.	▪ The fresh juice of the leaves, stems, and roots are emetic, and leaf tincture and the raw-uncooked berries, are toxic and to be completely avoided unless heated or cooked in order to destroy the hydrocyanic acid as that causes nausea, weakness, dizzines, and vomiting. ▪ Other "parts of the plant are mildy to moderately toxic, especially the inner bark and root." (Buhner) ▪ Sambucus [racemosa], commonly found in North America should not be used. ▪ Use the Sambucus nigra variety of berries and always heat/cook them. ▪ "Bark, root, leaves, and unripe berries are toxic and said to cause cyanide poisoning, severe diarrhea and vomiting. Children are especially sensitive, even to slightly unripe berries." (Foster and Hobbs. Best used in professional formulations). ▪ It has been recommended to use the sambucus nigra variety and to heat them. ▪ "Modern research has shown that elderberry kills many kinds of influenza viruses and also effective in shortening bouts of influenza." (Wood) ▪ When the appropriate plant part is used in a balancing formula, it is most efficaciously successful, and safe in producing desired and intended results.
26	1. Tabebuia heptaphylla or tabebuia impetiginosa 2. Pau d'Arco; ipe roza; ipes; lapacho; taheebo; amapa; tecoma; trumpet bush 3. Bignoniceae Family 4. Inner bark of the deciduous tree	Not referenced for TCM	1. Mildly bitter 2. Cold, slightly drying 3. Inflammation	Well known and used by Western herbalists in North America by importing from Latin and South America.	Used throughout Latin America.	Native to Latin America, South America.	▪ Pau d'Arco is used for: Anemia Asthma Bronchitis Diabetes Eczema Enlarged prostate Influenza Skin infections Urinary tract infections Cancers Anti-inflammatory for arthritis Support for various types of cancers, including leukemia and lymphomas All inflammatory diseases Upper respiratory conditions Asthma Bronchitis Skin conditions Colitis Diabetes Liver inflammation disorders, jaundice, hepatitis Malaria Fibrocystic disease Crohn's disease Rheumatic conditions ▪ Claims to be occasionally effective for a wide variety of cancers in US and South America.	▪ Lapachol (strong biological activity against cancer) ▪ Calcium ▪ Carbohydrates ▪ Cobalt ▪ Fats ▪ Fiber ▪ Magnesium ▪ Phosphorus ▪ Potassium ▪ Protein ▪ Silicon ▪ Vitamin C ▪ Antioxidant Quercetin. ▪ Rich in naphtoquinones.	▪ Caution by those with severe gastric weakness, normal doses well tolerated and no side effects, high doses can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fainting and bloody stools, and slow blood clotting. ▪ Not used during pregnancy or nursing. ▪ Not used in large doses to avoid toxicity with kidney or liver, therefore caution if there is kidney or liver disease. ▪ Not used for children. ▪ It can reduce the pain associated with cancer. ▪ It is slow clotting, relieves Blood Stagnation and relieves pain. ▪ Examples (Argentina species preferred here): 1 C. tea 3 X/da 15-60 drops 4-5 X/da for liquid extracts 1t.-1T. Tincture up to 4 X/da